How cigarette smoking may cause cardiovascular disorders.

I read this information from PRE-U TEXT STPM BILOLOGY, there are some of the effects of cigarette smoking. Carbon monoxide and nicotine damage the endothelium of the blood vessels, making penetration by fats, cholesterol and macrophage easier. Carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin and reduce oxygen carrying capacity in smokers. Insufficient supply of oxygen may cause angina and heart attack. Nicotine causes constriction of blood vessels and increases blood pressure and heart rate. Nicotine stimulates the sticking of blood platelets to the surface of endothelium and are involved in blood clotting and formation of thrombus. Smoking stimulates production of fibrinogen to form blood clots and reduced levels of enzymes involved in dissolving the blood clots. Nocotine increases the blood fat and cholesterol levels. Destruction of antioxidants, more free radicles present. Smoking increases incidence of atherosclerosis, formation of blood clots at atheromatous plaques and hearts attack. Smoking can also cause lung cancer and other respiratory disorders.